Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems.

Edelman, G M; Gally, J A · Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · 2001

review · Level V

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Abstract

Degeneracy, the ability of elements that are structurally different to perform the same function or yield the same output, is a well known characteristic of the genetic code and immune systems. Here, we point out that degeneracy is a ubiquitous biological property and argue that it is a feature of complexity at genetic, cellular, system, and population levels. Furthermore, it is both necessary for, and an inevitable outcome of, natural selection.

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