Spinal overload: a concern for obese children and adolescents?

Abstract

Heavy children require stronger bones than leaner children. The present cross-sectional observational study was undertaken to examine the magnitude of compensatory increases in the spinal bone mineral content (BMC) and area shown by overweight and obese children and adolescents. Vertebral area and BMC of lumbar vertebrae L2-L4 were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 202 boys and 160 girls aged 3-19 years. Subjects were categorized as of normal weight, overweight or obese using international cutoffs for body mass index. Compared with children of healthy weight our overweight and obese children had lower vertebral BMC for their bone area, body height, body weight and pubertal development: ratios and 95% CI for overweight and obese groups were 0.92 (95% CI 0.87-0.97) and 0.88 (95% CI 0.80-0.96) for girls and 0.96 (95% CI 0.91-1.02, NS) and 0.87 (95% CI 0.78-0.96) for boys, respectively. Spinal area was low in overweight and obese girls compared with girls of healthy weight but overweight and obese boys had enlarged their vertebral area appropriately for their increased body size. We conclude that during growth overweight and obese children do not increase their spinal BMC to fully compensate for their excessive weight. Limiting excessive adiposity in childhood and adolescence should help to avoid excessive loading and stresses on the lumbar spine.