DNA deamination mediates innate immunity to retroviral infection.

Harris, Reuben S; Bishop, Kate N; Sheehy, Ann M; Craig, Heather M; Petersen-Mahrt, Svend K; Watt, Ian N; Neuberger, Michael S; Malim, Michael H · Cell · 2003

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

CEM15/APOBEC3G is a cellular protein required for resistance to infection by virion infectivity factor (Vif)-deficient human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Here, using a murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based system, we provide evidence that CEM15/APOBEC3G is a DNA deaminase that is incorporated into virions during viral production and subsequently triggers massive deamination of deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine within the retroviral minus (first)-strand cDNA, thus providing a probable trigger for viral destruction. Furthermore, HIV Vif can protect MLV from this CEM15/APOBEC3G-dependent restriction. These findings imply that targeted DNA deamination is a major strategy of innate immunity to retroviruses and likely also contributes to the sequence variation observed in many viruses (including HIV).

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