Bonding changes in compressed superhard graphite.

Mao, Wendy L; Mao, Ho-kwang; Eng, Peter J; Trainor, Thomas P; Newville, Matthew; Kao, Chi-chang; Heinz, Dion L; Shu, Jinfu et al. · Science · 2003

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Compressed under ambient temperature, graphite undergoes a transition at approximately 17 gigapascals. The near K-edge spectroscopy of carbon using synchrotron x-ray inelastic scattering reveals that half of the pi-bonds between graphite layers convert to sigma-bonds, whereas the other half remain as pi-bonds in the high-pressure form. The x-ray diffraction pattern of the high-pressure form is consistent with a distorted graphite structure in which bridging carbon atoms between graphite layers pair and form sigma-bonds, whereas the nonbridging carbon atoms remain unpaired with pi-bonds. The high-pressure form is superhard, capable of indenting cubic-diamond single crystals.