Local anesthetic properties of a novel derivative, N-methyl doxepin, versus doxepin and bupivacaine.

Abstract

Among various tricyclic antidepressants, doxepin and amitriptyline are also long-acting local anesthetics. We synthesized a new compound, N-methyl doxepin, and investigated whether this derivative possesses local anesthetic properties. N-methyl doxepin and doxepin were tested in a rat sciatic nerve model at 2.5, 5.0, and 10 mM. Proprioceptive, motor, and nociceptive blockade were evaluated and compared with those induced by 0.5% bupivacaine. Block of Na(+) channels by N-methyl doxepin and doxepin was assessed in cultured pituitary tumor cells under voltage clamp conditions. N-methyl doxepin elicited complete nociceptive blockade that generally lasted longer than that caused by doxepin (e.g., approximately 7.4 h versus 5.3 h at 10 mM). Significant differences were observed for full recovery of function at all concentrations and for the duration of complete blockade except at 2.5 mM. Bupivacaine at 0.5% (15.4 mM) was less effective in producing complete blockade (approximately 1.5 h) than N-methyl doxepin and doxepin. Both doxepin and N-methyl doxepin were potent Na(+) channel blockers, although N-methyl doxepin displayed a slower wash-in rate. No morphological alterations were detected in cross-sectioned sciatic nerve specimens with these three drugs. We conclude that N-methyl doxepin is a potent Na(+) channel blocker and a long-acting local anesthetic for rat sciatic nerve blockade. N-methyl doxepin and doxepin are both potent Na(+) channel blockers; they elicit rat sciatic nerve block lasting longer than that induced by bupivacaine and seem to be nontoxic to peripheral nerves at concentrations up to 10 mM.