Nephrolithiasis: treatment, causes, and prevention.

Cleve Clin J Med · 2009

review · Level V

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Abstract

Factors that promote stone formation include low daily urine volumes; saturation of the urine with calcium, oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, or cystine; acidic urine; and bacterial infection. The author identifies the mechanisms of stone formation and outlines management aimed at preventing recurrences.