Activation of vascular smooth muscle parathyroid hormone receptor inhibits Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and aortic fibrosis in diabetic arteriosclerosis.

Abstract

Vascular fibrosis and calcification contribute to diabetic arteriosclerosis, impairing Windkessel physiology necessary for distal tissue perfusion. Wnt family members, upregulated in arteries by the low-grade inflammation of "diabesity," stimulate type I collagen expression and osteogenic mineralization of mesenchymal progenitors via beta-catenin. Conversely, parathyroid hormone (PTH) inhibits aortic calcification in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice fed high fat diabetogenic diets (HFD). We sought to determine the impact of vascular PTH receptor (PTH1R) activity on arteriosclerotic Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in vitro and in vivo. We generated SM-caPTH1R transgenic mice, a model in which the constitutively active PTH1R variant H223R (caPTH1R) is expressed only in the vasculature. The caPTH1R inhibited Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, collagen production, and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and calcification in vitro. Transgenic SM-caPTH1R;LDLR(+/-) mice fed HFD develop diabesity, with no improvements in fasting serum glucose, cholesterol, weight, body composition, or bone mass versus LDLR(+/-) siblings. SM-caPTH1R downregulated aortic Col1A1, Runx2, and Nox1 expression without altering TNF, Msx2, Wnt7a/b, or Nox4. The SM-caPTH1R transgene decreased aortic beta-catenin protein accumulation and signaling in diabetic LDLR(+/-) mice. Levels of aortic superoxide (a precursor of peroxide that activates pro-matrix metalloproteinase 9 and osteogenic signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells) were suppressed by the SM-caPTH1R transgene. Aortic calcification, collagen accumulation, and wall thickness were concomitantly reduced, enhancing vessel distensibility. Cell-autonomous vascular smooth muscle cell PTH1R activity inhibits arteriosclerotic Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and reduces vascular oxidative stress, thus limiting aortic type I collagen and calcium accrual in diabetic LDLR-deficient mice.