Protective effects of pentoxifylline on the brain following remote burn injury.

Abstract

Brains are often subject to injurious effect following remote burn injury and increased productions of inflammatory cytokines are involved. It is also known that pentoxifylline (PTX) exerts multiple beneficial effects on the inflammatory cascade. Therefore, we investigated whether a single dose of PTX given immediately following severe remote burn would protect the brain from the injurious effects. Rats were divided randomly into the sham burn group, burn placebo-treated group and burn PTX-treated group. Single dose of PTX was injected 15 min following initial burn injury. We measured the levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in the brain tissue at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 h after burn. Other measures included the level of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation, glial activation and apoptosis of cortical cells. PTX substantially suppressed the burn-induced surge in the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the rat-brain tissues. PTX reduced the level of burn-induced apoptosis. PTX also significantly reduced the activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-κB and reduced the activation of glial cells in the brain tissue. An early, single dose of PTX dramatically reduced brain inflammation and apoptosis for up to 16 h post-injury.