A history and evolution of laparoscopic nephrectomy: perspectives from the past and future directions in the surgical management of renal tumors.

J Urol · 2011

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Abstract

June 25, 2010 marks the twentieth anniversary of the first clinical laparoscopic nephrectomy. Since the advent of this procedure a paradigm shift toward minimally invasive options for urological surgery has been witnessed, resulting in rapid technological innovations and improved patient outcomes. A history of the minimally invasive surgical management of renal masses is presented with a focus on laparoscopic nephrectomy.