A comparison of the associations of caffeine and cigarette use with depressive and ADHD symptoms in a sample of young adult smokers.
cross_sectional · Level IV
Where this comes from
- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 21359163.
- Also identified by DOI 10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181b508ec and PMC identifier 3043357.
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Abstract
This study examined the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, and marijuana use in young adult smokers Young adult smokers completed self-report measures of nicotine, caffeine, alcohol and marijuana use, Conner's Adult ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) Rating Scale-Short Version (CAARS-SS), Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories (BDI and BAI), and provided a breath carbon monoxide (CO) sample. Self-reported cigarette use was positively correlated with carbon monoxide, CAARS-SS and the BDI levels. Caffeine intake was correlated with CAARS-SS, BAI and BDI levels and emerged as the more significant predictor of BDI, BAI and CAARS-SS scores when regressed with cigarette use. Caffeine use is associated with psychiatric symptoms in young adult cigarette smokers and should be considered in future research.