Needle to nerve proximity: what do the animal studies tell us?

Macfarlane, Alan James Robert; Bhatia, Anuj; Brull, Richard · Reg Anesth Pain Med · 2011

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Recent animal studies have provided insight and understanding, as well as promising clinical tools, to help identify needle-to-nerve contact and potentially hazardous intraneural injection. This narrative review describes and summarizes the contemporary animal studies primarily relating to indicators of needle-to-nerve contact and intraneural injection. Resultant nerve injury, whenever sought, is discussed.

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