Rate of weight gain and cardiometabolic abnormalities in children and adolescents.

Abstract

To investigate whether the rate of weight gain is associated with cardiometabolic risk, independent of weight measured concurrently. Healthy 7- to 17-year-old risperidone-treated patients (N = 105, 88% were boys) had blood pressure, anthropometry, and laboratory tests performed. Growth history was extracted from medical records. The rate of change in age- and sex-adjusted weight and body mass index (BMI) z score after the initiation of risperidone was individually modeled. Multivariable linear regression analyses explored the association of the rate of weight or BMI z score change with cardiometabolic outcomes, independent of last measured weight or BMI z score, respectively. Following a mean of 1.9 years (SD = 1.0) of risperidone treatment, the absolute increase in weight and BMI z scores was 0.61 (SD = 0.61) and 0.62 (SD = 0.73), respectively. After controlling for the final weight z score, the rate of change in weight z score was significantly associated with final glucose (P < .04), C-peptide (P < .004), the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (P < .02), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P < .0001), a metabolic syndrome score (P < .005), adiponectin (P < .04), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P < .04). After controlling for the final BMI z score, the rate of change in BMI z score was associated with final HDL cholesterol (P < .04), leptin (P < .03), and adiponectin (P < .04), with a suggestion of an association with the final homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (P < .08). Compared with weight measured concurrently, the rate of weight gain in risperidone-treated children accounts for an equal or larger share of the variance in certain cardiometabolic outcomes (eg, HDL cholesterol [ΔR(2) = 8% vs ΔR(2) = 11%] and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [ΔR(2) = 5% vs ΔR(2) = 9%]) and may serve as a treatment target.