Massive Dirac fermions and Hofstadter butterfly in a van der Waals heterostructure.

Hunt, B; Sanchez-Yamagishi, J D; Young, A F; Yankowitz, M; LeRoy, B J; Watanabe, K; Taniguchi, T; Moon, P et al. · Science · 2013

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

van der Waals heterostructures constitute a new class of artificial materials formed by stacking atomically thin planar crystals. We demonstrated band structure engineering in a van der Waals heterostructure composed of a monolayer graphene flake coupled to a rotationally aligned hexagonal boron nitride substrate. The spatially varying interlayer atomic registry results in both a local breaking of the carbon sublattice symmetry and a long-range moiré superlattice potential in the graphene. In our samples, this interplay between short- and long-wavelength effects resulted in a band structure described by isolated superlattice minibands and an unexpectedly large band gap at charge neutrality. This picture is confirmed by our observation of fractional quantum Hall states at ± 5/3 filling and features associated with the Hofstadter butterfly at ultrahigh magnetic fields.