Comparison of repair between cartilage and osteocartilage defects in rabbits using similarly manipulated scaffold-free cartilage-like constructs.

Abstract

Articular cartilage has a limited capacity for spontaneous repair, and its repair remains a clinical challenge. The purpose of this study was to prepare scaffold-free cartilage-like constructs and evaluate the feasibility of their use for the treatment of cartilage and osteocartilage defects in vivo. The scaffold-free constructs were prepared by chondrocytes isolated from the articular cartilage of rabbits using a high-density three-dimensional culture system. Two different defects, i.e., a chondral defect without oozing blood and an osteochondral defect with oozing blood, of 4-mm diameter, were created on the patellar groove of rabbits and forwarded to in vivo trials. In each defect, the constructs cut into 4-mm-diameter cylinders were grafted at the bottom of the defects. As a control, defects were only made on the contralateral knee joint in each rabbit. At 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery, six rabbits in each group were evaluated macroscopically and histologically. In vitro, histological examination revealed that the constructs have the character of hyaline cartilage with a potential adhesiveness to surrounding tissue. In vivo, in two control groups, incomplete spontaneous cartilage repair was observed in the osteochondral defects, whereas no repair was observed in the chondral defects. In the two treated groups, the surviving constructs in chondral defects showed significantly better repair compared to those in osteochondral defects. It is possible for a chondral defect to be repaired by scaffold-free constructs in certain conditions. Establishing the optimal environment suitable for cartilage repair is warranted.