Ultrafast Solvent-Assisted Sodium Ion Intercalation into Highly Crystalline Few-Layered Graphene.
basic_science · Level V
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- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 26618985.
- Also identified by DOI 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04187.
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Abstract
A maximum sodium capacity of ∼35 mAh/g has hampered the use of crystalline carbon nanostructures for sodium ion battery anodes. We demonstrate that a diglyme solvent shell encapsulating a sodium ion acts as a "nonstick" coating to facilitate rapid ion insertion into crystalline few-layer graphene and bypass slow desolvation kinetics. This yields storage capacities above 150 mAh/g, cycling performance with negligible capacity fade over 8000 cycles, and ∼100 mAh/g capacities maintained at currents of 30 A/g (∼12 s charge). Raman spectroscopy elucidates the ordered, but nondestructive cointercalation mechanism that differs from desolvated ion intercalation processes. In situ Raman measurements identify the Na(+) staging sequence and isolates Fermi energies for the first and second stage ternary intercalation compounds at ∼0.8 eV and ∼1.2 eV.