Gauge invariance and geometric phase in nonequilibrium thermodynamics.

Abstract

We show the link between U(1) lattice gauge theories and the off-equilibrium thermodynamics of a large class of nonlinear oscillators networks. The coupling between the oscillators plays the role of a gauge field, or connection, on the network. The thermodynamical forces that drive energy flows are expressed in terms of the curvature of the connection, analogous to a geometric phase. The model, which holds both close and far from equilibrium, predicts the existence of persistent energy and particle currents circulating in closed loops through the network. The predictions are confirmed by numerical simulations. Possible extension of the theory and experimental applications to nanoscale devices are briefly discussed.