Cellular Grafts for Bone Formation.

Abstract

Researchers are seeking ways to heal bone better and faster. Cellular grafts can accelerate bone healing and promote bone formation. Immediately after injury, blood clot formation yields inflammatory cells; an influx of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteogenic cells follows. MSCs form musculoskeletal tissue by differentiating into chondrocytes, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and osteoblasts. Osteoinduction stimulates stem cells to differentiate into osteoblasts and promotes cell migration. Osteoinductive agents include demineralized bone matrices () and bone morphogenetic proteins, which are extremely potent but are associated with risks and high costs. Amniotic tissue is relatively unregulated and has strong anti-inflammatory effects but has not been well studied in relation to bone formation and healing.