Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: Is There a Role for Intraoperative Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound?

Abstract

Intraoperative imaging during surgical ligation of a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) is usually based on fluorescence angiography, intraoperative Doppler ultrasound, and intraoperative digital subtraction angiography. We investigated the potential role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) during surgical management of SDAVF. The main features of SDAVF on CEUS before treatment are described as well as their modifications after surgical ligation. CEUS was performed using harmonic imaging with a second-generation ultrasound contrast agent in a case of right D6 SDAVF. Initial CEUS scan demonstrated the location of the arterialized vein draining in the dilated perimedullary plexus and augmented enhancement of the spinal cord secondary to intramedullary capillary congestion and augmented flow. The postligation scan demonstrated interruption of the arterialized vein and restoration of normal blood flow in spinal cord and perimedullary plexus. CEUS allowed real-time visualization before and after ligation of the site of the fistula and blood flow changes occurring in the spinal cord and perimedullary plexus. CEUS is a valuable tool in SDAVF surgery without the limitations of Doppler imaging and possibly can be integrated with other imaging modalities such as fluorescence angiography.