Effects of titanium nanotubes on the osseointegration, cell differentiation, mineralisation and antibacterial properties of orthopaedic implant surfaces.

Abstract

The development and pre-clinical evaluation of nano-texturised, biomimetic, surfaces of titanium (Ti) implants treated with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanotube arrays is reviewed. <i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> evaluations show that TiO₂ nanotubes on Ti surfaces positively affect the osseointegration, cell differentiation, mineralisation, and anti-microbial properties. This surface treatment can be superimposed onto existing macro and micro porous Ti implants creating a surface texture that also interacts with cells at the nano level. Histology and mechanical pull-out testing of specimens in rabbits indicate that TiO₂ nanotubes improves bone bonding nine-fold (p = 0.008). The rate of mineralisation associated with TiO₂ nanotube surfaces is about three times that of non-treated Ti surfaces. In addition to improved osseointegration properties, TiO₂ nanotubes reduce the initial adhesion and colonisation of <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> Collectively, the properties of Ti implant surfaces enhanced with TiO₂ nanotubes show great promise. Cite this article: <i>Bone Joint J</i> 2018;100-B(1 Supple A):9-16.