Antenatal glucocorticoids, magnesium sulfate, and mode of birth in preterm fetal small for gestational age.

Abstract

A diagnosis of fetal growth restriction and subsequent preterm birth is associated with increased risks of adverse perinatal and neurodevelopmental outcomes and potentially long-lasting effects to adulthood. Most such cases are associated with placental insufficiency and the fetal response to chronic intrauterine hypoxemia and nutrient deprivation leads to substantial physiological and metabolic adaptations. The management of such pregnancies, especially with respect to perinatal interventions and birth mode, remains an unresolved dilemma. The benefits from standard interventions for threatened preterm birth may not be necessarily translated to pregnancies with small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Clinical trials or retrospective studies on outcomes following administration of antenatal glucocorticoids and magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection when preterm birth is imminent either have yielded conflicting results for small-for-gestational-age fetuses, or did not include this subgroup of patients. Experimental models highlight potential harmful effects of administration of antenatal glucocorticoids and magnesium sulfate in the pregnancies with fetal small for gestational age although clinical data do not substantiate these concerns. In addition, heterogeneity in definitions of fetal small for gestational age, variations in the inclusion criteria, and the glucocorticoid regime contribute to inconsistent results. In this review, we discuss the physiologic adaptions of the small-for-gestational-age fetus to its abnormal in utero environment in relation to antenatal glucocorticoids; the impact of antenatal glucocorticoids and intrapartum magnesium sulfate in pregnancies with fetal small for gestational age; the current literature on birth mode for pregnancies with fetal small for gestational age; and the knowledge gaps in the existing literature.