3D printing of a lithium-calcium-silicate crystal bioscaffold with dual bioactivities for osteochondral interface reconstruction.

Abstract

It is difficult to achieve self-healing outcoming for the osteochondral defects caused by degenerative diseases. The simultaneous regeneration of both cartilage and subchondral bone tissues is an effective therapeutic strategy for osteochondral defects. However, it is challenging to design a single type of bioscaffold with suitable ionic components and beneficial osteo/chondral-stimulation ability for regeneration of osteochondral defects. In this study, we successfully synthesized a pure-phase lithium calcium silicate (Li₂Ca₄Si₄O₁₃, L₂C₄S₄) bioceramic by a sol-gel method, and further prepared L₂C₄S₄ scaffolds by using a 3D-printing method. The compressive strength of L₂C₄S₄ scaffolds could be well controlled in the range of 15-40 MPa when pore size varied from 170 to 400 μm. L₂C₄S₄ scaffolds have been demonstrated to possess controlled biodegradability and good apatite-mineralization ability. At a certain concentration range, the ionic products from L₂C₄S₄ significantly stimulated the proliferation and maturation of chondrocytes, as well as promoted the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs. L₂C₄S₄ scaffolds simultaneously promoted the regeneration of both cartilage and subchondral bone as compared to pure β-TCP scaffolds in rabbit osteochondral defects. These findings suggest that 3D-printed L₂C₄S₄ scaffolds with such specific ionic combination, high mechanical strength and good degradability as well as dual bioactivities, represent a promising biomaterial for osteochondral interface reconstruction.