Plasma-Induced Amorphous Shell and Deep Cation-Site S Doping Endow TiO₂ with Extraordinary Sodium Storage Performance.

Abstract

Structural design and modification are effective approaches to regulate the physicochemical properties of TiO₂ , which play an important role in achieving advanced materials. Herein, a plasma-assisted method is reported to synthesize a surface-defect-rich and deep-cation-site-rich S doped rutile TiO₂ (R-TiO_2-_x -S) as an advanced anode for the Na ion battery. An amorphous shell (≈3 nm) is induced by the Ar/H₂ plasma, which brings about the subsequent high S doping concentration (≈4.68 at%) and deep doping depth. Experimental results and density functional theory calculations demonstrate greatly facilitated ion diffusion, improved electronic conductivity, and an increased mobility rate of holes for R-TiO_2-_x -S, which result in superior rate capability (264.8 and 128.5 mAh g^-1 at 50 and 10 000 mA g^-1 , respectively) and excellent cycling stability (almost 100% retention over 6500 cycles). Such improvements signify that plasma treatment offers an innovative and general approach toward designing advanced battery materials.