Spatial solitons and stability in the one-dimensional and the two-dimensional generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation with fourth-order diffraction and parity-time-symmetric potentials.

Abstract

We investigate the existence and stability of solitons in parity-time (PT)-symmetric optical media characterized by a generic complex hyperbolic refractive index distribution and fourth-order diffraction (FOD). For the linear case, we demonstrate numerically that the FOD parameter can alter the PT-breaking points. For nonlinear cases, the exact analytical expressions of the localized modes are obtained both in one- and two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equations with self-focusing and self-defocusing Kerr nonlinearity. The effect of FOD on the stability structure of these localized modes is discussed with the help of linear stability analysis followed by the direct numerical simulation of the governing equation. Examples of stable and unstable solutions are given. The transverse power flow density associated with these localized modes is also discussed. It is found that the relative strength of the FOD coefficient can utterly change the direction of the power flow, which may be used to control the energy exchange among gain or loss regions.