Combination types between graphene oxide and substrate affect the antibacterial activity.

Abstract

Duo to their superior physicochemical properties, graphene and its derivatives (GDs), such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), have attracted extensive research interests around the world. In recent years, antibacterial activities of GDs have aroused wide concern and substantial works have been done. However, the underlying antibacterial mechanisms still remain controversial. Antibacterial activities of GDs vary with various factors, such as size, number of layers, oxygen-containing groups, and experimental surroundings. We assume that combination types between graphene oxide and substrate may affect the antibacterial activity. Therefore, in this work, GO was fixed on the titanium surface with three kinds of combination types including drop with gravitational effects (GO-D), electrostatic interaction (GO-APS) and electrophoretic deposition (GO-EPD), and the antibacterial activities <i>in vitro</i> were systematically investigated. Results showed that combination types affected the ability of GO for preventing <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) from gathering, sharpness of wrinkles or edges and reactive oxygen spices (ROS) levels. Once <i>S. aureus</i> are in the form of separation without aggregation, GO can effectively interact with them and kill them with sharp wrinkles or edges and high ROS levels. GO-EPD could effectively prevent <i>S. aureus</i> from gathering, own sharp wrinkles or edges and could generate higher ROS levels. As a result, GO-EPD exhibited optimal antibacterial activity against <i>S. aureus</i>, followed by GO-APS and GO-D.