Alcohol inhibits T-cell glucose metabolism and hepatitis in ALDH2-deficient mice and humans: roles of acetaldehyde and glucocorticoids.

Abstract

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), a key enzyme to detoxify acetaldehyde in the liver, exists in both active and inactive forms in humans. Individuals with inactive ALDH2 accumulate acetaldehyde after alcohol consumption. However, how acetaldehyde affects T-cell hepatitis remains unknown. Wild-type (WT) and <i>Aldh2</i> knockout (<i>Aldh2</i>^-/-) mice were subjected to chronic ethanol feeding and concanavalin A (ConA)-induced T-cell hepatitis. Effects of acetaldehyde on T-cell glucose metabolism were investigated in vitro. Human subjects were recruited for binge drinking and plasma cortisol and corticosterone measurement. Ethanol feeding exacerbated ConA-induced hepatitis in WT mice but surprisingly attenuated it in <i>Aldh2</i>^-/- mice despite higher acetaldehyde levels in <i>Aldh2</i>^-/- mice. Elevation of serum cytokines and their downstream signals in the liver post-ConA injection was attenuated in ethanol-fed <i>Aldh2</i>^-/- mice compared to WT mice. In vitro exposure to acetaldehyde inhibited ConA-induced production of several cytokines without affecting their mRNAs in mouse splenocytes. Acetaldehyde also attenuated interferon-γ production in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes. Mechanistically, acetaldehyde interfered with glucose metabolism in T cells by inhibiting aerobic glycolysis-related signal pathways. Finally, compared to WT mice, ethanol-fed <i>Aldh2</i>^-/- mice had higher levels of serum corticosterone, a well-known factor that inhibits aerobic glycolysis. Blockade of corticosterone partially restored ConA-mediated hepatitis in ethanol-fed <i>Aldh2</i>^-/- mice. Acute alcohol drinking elevated plasma cortisol and corticosterone levels in human subjects with higher levels in those with inactive ALDH2 than those with active ALDH2. ALDH2 deficiency is associated with elevated acetaldehyde and glucocorticoids post-alcohol consumption, thereby inhibiting T-cell activation and hepatitis.