The Marriage of the FeN₄ Moiety and MXene Boosts Oxygen Reduction Catalysis: Fe 3d Electron Delocalization Matters.

Abstract

Iron-nitrogen-carbon (Fe-N-C) is hitherto considered as one of the most satisfactory alternatives to platinum for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Major efforts currently are devoted to the identification and maximization of carbon-enclosed FeN₄ moieties, which act as catalytically active centers. However, fine-tuning of their intrinsic ORR activity remains a huge challenge. Herein, a twofold activity improvement of pristine Fe-N-C through introducing Ti₃ C₂ T_x MXene as a support is realized. A series of spectroscopy and magnetic measurements reveal that the marriage of FeN₄ moiety and MXene can induce remarkable Fe 3d electron delocalization and spin-state transition of Fe(II) ions. The lower local electron density and higher spin state of the Fe(II) centers greatly favor the Fe <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow><msub><mi>d</mi> <mrow><msup><mi>z</mi> <mn>2</mn></msup> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math> electron transfer, and lead to an easier oxygen adsorption and reduction on active FeN₄ sites, and thus an enhanced ORR activity. The optimized catalyst shows a two- and fivefold higher specific ORR activity than those of pristine catalyst and Pt/C, respectively, even exceeding most Fe-N-C catalysts ever reported. This work opens up a new pathway in the rational design of Fe-N-C catalysts, and reflects the critical influence of Fe 3d electron states in FeN₄ moiety supported on MXene in ORR catalysis.