A Novel Engineered Small Protein for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Human Programmed Death Ligand-1: Validation in Mouse Models and Human Cancer Tissues.

Abstract

To design and evaluate a small engineered protein binder targeting human programmed death-1 ligand (hPD-L1) <i>in vivo</i> for PET imaging in four mouse tumor models, and <i>in situ</i> in human cancer specimens.<b>Experimental Design:</b> The hPD-L1 protein binder, FN3_hPD-L1, was engineered using a 12-kDa human fibronectin type-3 domain (FN3) scaffold. The binder's affinity was assayed in CT26 mouse colon carcinoma cells stably expressing hPD-L1 (CT26/hPD-L1). ⁶⁴Cu-FN3_hPD-L1 was assayed for purity, specific activity, and immunoreactivity. Four groups of NSG mice (<i>n</i> = 3-5/group) were imaged with ⁶⁴Cu-FN3_hPD-L1 PET imaging (1-24 hours postinjection of 3.7 MBq/7 μg of Do-FN3 in 200 μL PBS): Nod SCID Gamma (NSG) mice bearing (i) syngeneic CT26/hPD-L1tumors, (ii) CT26/hPD-L1 tumors blocked (blk) by preinjected nonradioactive FN3_hPD-L1 binder, (iii) hPD-L1-negative Raji xenografts, and (iv) MDA-MB-231 xenografts. The FN3_hPD-L1 binder staining was evaluated against validated hPD-L1 antibodies by immunostaining in human cancer specimens. FN3_hPD-L1 bound hPD-L1 with 1.4 ± 0.3 nmol/L affinity in CT26/hPD-L1 cells. ⁶⁴Cu-FN3_hPD-L1 radiotracer showed >70% yield and >95% purity. ⁶⁴Cu-FN3_hPD-L1 PET imaging of mice bearing CT26/hPD-L1 tumors showed tumor-to-muscle ratios of 5.6 ± 0.9 and 13.1 ± 2.3 at 1 and 4 hours postinjection, respectively. The FN3_hPD-L1 binder detected hPD-L1 expression in human tissues with known hPD-L1 expression status based on two validated antibodies. The ⁶⁴Cu-FN3_hPD-L1 radiotracer represents a novel, small, and high-affinity binder for imaging hPD-L1 in tumors. Our data support further exploration and clinical translation of this binder for noninvasive identification of cancer patients who may respond to immune checkpoint blockade therapies.