Comprehensive Review of Provocative and Instability Physical Examination Tests of the Shoulder.

Abstract

A detailed physical examination of the shoulder is crucial in creating a diagnosis in patients who present with shoulder pain. Tests of the cervical spine, scapula, and rotator cuff muscles have already been evaluated in a previous article. This article assesses provocative and instability examination tests of the shoulder. Descriptions on how the tests are performed and their diagnostic accuracy are presented.