Self-regulation and the <i>foraging</i> gene (<i>PRKG1</i>) in humans.

Abstract

Foraging is a goal-directed behavior that balances the need to explore the environment for resources with the need to exploit those resources. In <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, distinct phenotypes have been observed in relation to the <i>foraging</i> gene (<i>for</i>), labeled the rover and sitter. Adult rovers explore their environs more extensively than do adult sitters. We explored whether this distinction would be conserved in humans. We made use of a distinction from regulatory mode theory between those who "get on with it," so-called locomotors, and those who prefer to ensure they "do the right thing," so-called assessors. In this logic, rovers and locomotors share similarities in goal pursuit, as do sitters and assessors. We showed that genetic variation in <i>PRKG1</i>, the human ortholog of <i>for</i>, is associated with preferential adoption of a specific regulatory mode. Next, participants performed a foraging task to see whether genetic differences associated with distinct regulatory modes would be associated with distinct goal pursuit patterns. Assessors tended to hug the boundary of the foraging environment, much like behaviors seen in <i>Drosophila</i> adult sitters. In a patchy foraging environment, assessors adopted more cautious search strategies maximizing exploitation. These results show that distinct patterns of goal pursuit are associated with particular genotypes of <i>PRKG1</i>, the human ortholog of <i>for</i>.