The comparative genomics and complex population history of <i>Papio</i> baboons.

Abstract

Recent studies suggest that closely related species can accumulate substantial genetic and phenotypic differences despite ongoing gene flow, thus challenging traditional ideas regarding the genetics of speciation. Baboons (genus <i>Papio</i>) are Old World monkeys consisting of six readily distinguishable species. Baboon species hybridize in the wild, and prior data imply a complex history of differentiation and introgression. We produced a reference genome assembly for the olive baboon (<i>Papio anubis</i>) and whole-genome sequence data for all six extant species. We document multiple episodes of admixture and introgression during the radiation of <i>Papio</i> baboons, thus demonstrating their value as a model of complex evolutionary divergence, hybridization, and reticulation. These results help inform our understanding of similar cases, including modern humans, Neanderthals, Denisovans, and other ancient hominins.