Birnessite Nanosheet Arrays with High K Content as a High-Capacity and Ultrastable Cathode for K-Ion Batteries.

Abstract

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are one of the emerging energy-storage technologies due to the low cost of potassium and theoretically high energy density. However, the development of PIBs is hindered by the poor K⁺ transport kinetics and the structural instability of the cathode materials during K⁺ intercalation/deintercalation. In this work, birnessite nanosheet arrays with high K content (K_0.77 MnO₂ ⋅0.23H₂ O) are prepared by "hydrothermal potassiation" as a potential cathode for PIBs, demonstrating ultrahigh reversible specific capacity of about 134 mAh g^-1 at a current density of 100 mA g^-1 , as well as great rate capability (77 mAh g^-1 at 1000 mA g^-1 ) and superior cycling stability (80.5% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g^-1 ). With the introduction of adequate K⁺ ions in the interlayer, the K-birnessite exhibits highly stabilized layered structure with highly reversible structure variation upon K⁺ intercalation/deintercalation. The practical feasibility of the K-birnessite cathode in PIBs is further demonstrated by constructing full cells with a hard-soft composite carbon anode. This study highlights effective K⁺ -intercalation for birnessite to achieve superior K-storage performance for PIBs, making it a general strategy for developing high-performance cathodes in rechargeable batteries beyond lithium-ion batteries.