Black TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes: Efficient electrodes for triggering electric field-induced stimulation of stem cell growth.

Mazare, A; Park, J; Simons, S; Mohajernia, S; Hwang, I; Yoo, J E; Schneider, H; Fischer, M J et al. · Acta Biomater · 2019

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

TiO<sub>2</sub> nanostructures represent a key platform for biomedical applications, due to the combination of biocompatibility and high surface area. Especially TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotube layers have been widely investigated due to controllable nanotopographic effects as well as for electrodes in electrostimulation experiments. In the present work we produce Ar/H<sub>2</sub>-reduced 'black' TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotube arrays with a strongly enhanced electrical conductivity and explore their interaction with mesenchymal stem cells when used as electrodes to apply electric fields (EF) across the cells. While we observe no significant change in cell adhesion and their focal contact formation on these high conductivity nanotubes, we do observe a rapid stem cell response when EF is engaged using the 'black' TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotube arrays as electrodes. Compared to as-formed nanotube arrays, a faster stem cell growth was observed and a lower EF intensity caused an intracellular calcium level elevation. Our results indicate that the increased conductivity in TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes significantly enhances the early stem cell response to minimal electric field stimuli. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The use of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanostructures in biomedical applications is widely investigated, especially considering the nanostructured surface influence on the biomaterial-cell interactions. We have previously shown that an applied electric field (EF) on stem cells grown on TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes leads to synergistic osteogenic stimulation in the absence of biochemical bone-inducing supplements. Here we report that black (i.e. highly conductive nanotubes obtained by reduction treatments) TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes enable short-time EF effects on stem cells: we observe a faster stem cell growth and a significantly enhanced early stem cell response to minimal EF stimuli. The application of such nanostructures under electric field is promising for therapeutic interventions for bone regeneration and tissue engineering approaches.

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