General linear thermodynamics for periodically driven systems with multiple reservoirs.

Abstract

We derive a linear thermodynamics theory for general Markov dynamics with both steady-state and time-periodic drivings. Expressions for thermodynamic quantities, such as chemical work, heat, and entropy production are obtained in terms of equilibrium probability distribution and the drivings. The entropy production is derived as a bilinear function of thermodynamic forces and the associated fluxes. We derive explicit formulae for the Onsager coefficients and use them to verify the Onsager-Casimir reciprocal relations. Our results are illustrated on a periodically driven quantum dot in contact with two electron reservoirs and optimization protocols are discussed.