The bulge sign - a simple physical examination for identifying progressive knee osteoarthritis: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative.

Abstract

To examine whether the presence of bulge sign or patellar tap was associated with frequent knee pain, progression of radiographic OA (ROA) and total knee replacement (TKR). This study included 4344 Osteoarthritis Initiative participants examined at baseline for bulge sign and/or patellar tap. The clinical signs were categorized as no (none at baseline and 2 years), resolved (present at baseline only), developed (present at 2 years only) and persistent (present at both time points). Frequent knee pain and progression of ROA over 4 years and TKR over 6 years were assessed. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the associations. A total of 12.7% of participants had bulge sign only, 2.0% had patellar tap only and 3.3% had both. A positive baseline bulge sign was associated with an increased risk of frequent knee pain [OR 1.31 (95% CI 1.04, 1.64), P = 0.02] and TKR [OR 1.47 (95% CI 1.06, 2.05), P = 0.02]. Developed bulge sign was associated with an increased risk of frequent knee pain [OR 1.75 (95% CI 1.34, 2.29), P < 0.001] and progressive ROA [OR 1.67 (95% CI 1.11, 2.51), P = 0.01]. Persistent bulge sign was associated with an increased risk of frequent knee pain [OR 1.60 (95% CI 1.09, 2.35), P = 0.02], progressive ROA [OR 1.84 (95% CI 1.01, 3.33), P = 0.045] and TKR [OR 2.13 (95% CI 1.23, 3.68), P = 0.007]. Patellar tap was not examined for its association with joint outcomes due to its low prevalence. The presence of bulge sign identifies individuals at increased risk of frequent knee pain, progression of ROA and TKR. This provides clinicians with a quick, simple, inexpensive method for identifying those at higher risk of progressive knee OA who should be targeted for therapy.