Tuning the Kinetics of Zinc-Ion Insertion/Extraction in V₂ O₅ by In Situ Polyaniline Intercalation Enables Improved Aqueous Zinc-Ion Storage Performance.

Abstract

Rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are emerging as a promising alternative for Li-ion batteries. However, the developed cathodes suffer from sluggish Zn²⁺ diffusion kinetics, leading to poor rate capability and inadequate cycle life. Herein, an in situ polyaniline (PANI) intercalation strategy is developed to facilitate the Zn²⁺ (de)intercalation kinetics in V₂ O₅ . In this way, a remarkably enlarged interlayer distance (13.90 Å) can be constructed alternatively between the VO layers, offering expediting channels for facile Zn²⁺ diffusion. Importantly, the electrostatic interactions between the Zn²⁺ and the host O^2- , which is another key factor in hindering the Zn²⁺ diffusion kinetics, can be effectively blocked by the unique π-conjugated structure of PANI. As a result, the PANI-intercalated V₂ O₅ exhibits a stable and highly reversible electrochemical reaction during repetitive Zn²⁺ insertion and extraction, as demonstrated by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Raman studies. Further first-principles calculations clearly reveal a remarkably lowered binding energy between Zn²⁺ and host O^2- , which explains the favorable kinetics in PANI-intercalated V₂ O₅ . Benefitting from the above, the overall electrochemical performance of PANI-intercalated V₂ O₅ electrode is remarkable improved, exhibiting excellent high rate capability of 197.1 mAh g^-1 at current density of 20 A g^-1 with capacity retention of 97.6% over 2000 cycles.