Technological Assessment and Objective Evaluation of Minimally Invasive and Noninvasive Cardiac Output Monitoring Systems.

Saugel, Bernd; Thiele, Robert H; Hapfelmeier, Alexander; Cannesson, Maxime · Anesthesiology · 2020

review · Level V

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Abstract

We discuss minimally-invasive and non-invasive cardiac output monitoring technologies available in the clinical practice and how to evaluate these systems objectively.

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