Stabilization of a molecular water oxidation catalyst on a dye-sensitized photoanode by a pyridyl anchor.

Zhu, Yong; Wang, Degao; Huang, Qing; Du, Jian; Sun, Licheng; Li, Fei; Meyer, Thomas J · Nat Commun · 2020

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Understanding and controlling the properties of water-splitting assemblies in dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells is a key to the exploitation of their properties. We demonstrate here that, following surface loading of a [Ru(bpy)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) chromophore on nanoparticle electrodes, addition of the molecular catalysts, Ru(bda)(L)<sub>2</sub> (bda  =  2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate) with phosphonate or pyridyl sites for water oxidation, gives surfaces with a 5:1 chromophore to catalyst ratio. Addition of the surface-bound phosphonate derivatives with L = 4-pyridyl phosphonic acid or diethyl 3-(pyridin-4-yloxy)decyl-phosphonic acid, leads to well-defined surfaces but, following oxidation to Ru(III), they undergo facile, on-surface dimerization to give surface-bound, oxo-bridged dimers. The dimers have a diminished reactivity toward water oxidation compared to related monomers in solution. By contrast, immobilization of the Ru-bda catalyst on TiO<sub>2</sub> with the 4,4'-dipyridyl anchoring ligand can maintain the monomeric structure of catalyst and gives relatively stable photoanodes with photocurrents that reach to 1.7 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> with an optimized, applied bias photon-to-current efficiency of 1.5%.