Plasmonic Oxygen-Deficient TiO<sub>2-x</sub> Nanocrystals for Dual-Band Electrochromic Smart Windows with Efficient Energy Recycling.

Zhang, Shengliang; Cao, Sheng; Zhang, Tianran; Lee, Jim Yang · Adv Mater · 2020

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Dual-band electrochromic smart windows capable of the spectrally selective modulation of visible (VIS) light and near-infrared (NIR) can regulate solar light and solar heat transmittance to reduce the building energy consumption. The development of these windows is however limited by the number of available dual-band electrochromic materials. Here, plasmonic oxygen-deficient TiO<sub>2-x</sub> nanocrystals (NCs) are discovered to be an effective single-component dual-band electrochromic material, and that oxygen-vacancy creation is more effective than aliovalent substitutional doping to introduce dual-band properties to TiO<sub>2</sub> NCs. Oxygen vacancies not only confer good near-infrared (NIR)-selective modulation, but also improve the Li<sup>+</sup> diffusion in the TiO<sub>2-x</sub> host, circumventing the disadvantage of aliovalent substitutional doping with ion diffusion. Consequently optimized TiO<sub>2-x</sub> NC films are able to modulate the NIR and visible light transmittance independently and effectively in three distinct modes with high optical modulation (95.5% at 633 nm and 90.5% at 1200 nm), fast switching speed, high bistability, and long cycle life. An impressive dual-band electrochromic performance is also demonstrated in prototype devices. The use of TiO<sub>2-x</sub> NCs enables the assembled windows to recycle a large fraction of energy consumed in the coloration process ("energy recycling") to reduce the energy consumption in a round-trip electrochromic operation.