Engineered nanoparticle-induced epigenetic changes: An important consideration in nanomedicine.

Abstract

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are now being applied across a range of disciplines, and as a result numerous studies have now assessed ENP-related bioeffects. Among them, ENP-induced epigenetic changes including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression have recently attracted attention. In this review, we describe the diversity of ENP-induced epigenetic changes, focusing on their interplay with related functional biological events, especially oxidative stress, MAPK pathway activation, and inflammation. In doing so, we highlight the underlying mechanisms and biological effects of ENP-induced epigenetic changes. We also summarize how high-throughput technologies have helped to uncover ENP-induced epigenetic changes. Finally, we discuss future perspectives and the challenges related to ENP-induced epigenetic changes that still need to be addressed.