Incorporation of Planar Blocks into Twisted Skeletons: Boosting Brightness of Fluorophores for Bioimaging beyond 1500 Nanometer.

Abstract

The brightness of organic fluorescence materials determines their resolution and sensitivity in fluorescence display and detection. However, strategies to effectively enhance the brightness are still scarce. Conventional planar π-conjugated molecules display excellent photophysical properties as isolated species but suffer from aggregation-caused quenching effect when aggregated owing to the cofacial π-π interactions. In contrast, twisted molecules show high photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ_PL) in aggregate while at the cost of absorption due to the breakage in conjugation. Therefore, it is challenging to integrate the strong absorption and high solid-state Φ_PL, which are two main indicators of brightness, into one molecule. Herein, we propose a molecular design strategy to boost the brightness through the incorporation of planar blocks into twisted skeletons. As a proof-of-concept, twisted small-molecule TT3-<i>o</i>CB with larger π-conjugated dithieno[3,2-<i>b</i>:2',3'-<i>d</i>]thiophene unit displays superb brightness at the NIR-IIb (1500-1700 nm) than that of TT1-<i>o</i>CB and TT2-<i>o</i>CB with smaller thiophene and thienothiophene unit, respectively. Whole-body angiography using TT3-<i>o</i>CB nanoparticles presents an apparent vessel width of 0.29 mm. Improved NIR-IIb image resolution is achieved for femoral vessels with an apparent width of only 0.04 mm. High-magnification through-skull microscopic NIR-IIb imaging of cerebral vasculature gives an apparent width of ∼3.3 μm. Moreover, the deeply located internal organ such as bladder is identified with high clarity. The present molecular design philosophy embodies a platform for further development of <i>in vivo</i> bioimaging.