Population genomic evidence of <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> Southeast Asian origin.

Daron, Josquin; Boissière, Anne; Boundenga, Larson; Ngoubangoye, Barthelemy; Houze, Sandrine; Arnathau, Celine; Sidobre, Christine; Trape, Jean-François et al. · Sci Adv · 2021

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

<i>Plasmodium vivax</i> is the most common and widespread human malaria parasite. It was recently proposed that <i>P. vivax</i> originates from sub-Saharan Africa based on the circulation of its closest genetic relatives (<i>P. vivax-like</i>) among African great apes. However, the limited number of genetic markers and samples investigated questions the robustness of this hypothesis. Here, we extensively characterized the genomic variations of 447 human <i>P. vivax</i> strains and 19 ape <i>P. vivax-like</i> strains collected worldwide. Phylogenetic relationships between human and ape <i>Plasmodium</i> strains revealed that <i>P. vivax</i> is a sister clade of <i>P. vivax-like</i>, not included within the radiation of <i>P. vivax-like</i> By investigating various aspects of <i>P. vivax</i> genetic variation, we identified several notable geographical patterns in summary statistics in function of the increasing geographic distance from Southeast Asia, suggesting that <i>P. vivax</i> may have derived from a single area in Asia through serial founder effects.