Hotspot exons are common targets of splicing perturbations.

Abstract

High-throughput splicing assays have demonstrated that many exonic variants can disrupt splicing; however, splice-disrupting variants distribute non-uniformly across genes. We propose the existence of exons that are particularly susceptible to splice-disrupting variants, which we refer to as hotspot exons. Hotspot exons are also more susceptible to splicing perturbation through drug treatment and knock-down of RNA-binding proteins. We develop a classifier for exonic splice-disrupting variants and use it to infer hotspot exons. We estimate that 1400 exons in the human genome are hotspots. Using panels of splicing reporters, we demonstrate how the ability of an exon to tolerate a mutation is inversely proportional to the strength of its neighboring splice sites.