Strongly enhanced and tunable photovoltaic effect in ferroelectric-paraelectric superlattices.

Yun, Yeseul; Mühlenbein, Lutz; Knoche, David S; Lotnyk, Andriy; Bhatnagar, Akash · Sci Adv · 2021

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Ever since the first observation of a photovoltaic effect in ferroelectric BaTiO<sub>3</sub>, studies have been devoted to analyze this effect, but only a few attempted to engineer an enhancement. In conjunction, the steep progress in thin-film fabrication has opened up a plethora of previously unexplored avenues to tune and enhance material properties via growth in the form of superlattices. In this work, we present a strategy wherein sandwiching a ferroelectric BaTiO<sub>3</sub> in between paraelectric SrTiO<sub>3</sub> and CaTiO<sub>3</sub> in a superlattice form results in a strong and tunable enhancement in photocurrent. Comparison with BaTiO<sub>3</sub> of similar thickness shows the photocurrent in the superlattice is 10<sup>3</sup> times higher, despite a nearly two-thirds reduction in the volume of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> The enhancement can be tuned by the periodicity of the superlattice, and persists under 1.5 AM irradiation. Systematic investigations highlight the critical role of large dielectric permittivity and lowered bandgap.