Superior galvanostatic electrochemical deposition of platinum nanograss provides high performance planar microelectrodes for<i>in vitro</i>neural recording.

Abstract

<i>Objective.</i>Platinum nanograss (Ptng) has been demonstrated as an excellent coating to increase the electrode roughness and reduce the impedance of microelectrodes for neural recording. However, the optimisation of the original potentiostatic electrochemical deposition (PSED) method has been performed by the original group only and no<i>in vitro</i>validation of functionality was reported.<i>Approach.</i>This study firstly reinvestigates the use of the PSED method for Ptng coating at different charge densities which highlights non-uniformities in the edges of the microelectrodes for increasing deposition charge densities, leading to a decreased impedance which is in fact an artefact. We then introduce a novel Ptng fabrication method of galvanostatic electrochemical deposition (GSED).<i>Main results.</i>We demonstrate that the GSED deposition method also significantly reduces the electrode impedance, raises the charge storage capacity and provides a significantly more planar electrode surface in comparison to the PSED method with negligible edge effects. In addition, we demonstrate how high-quality neural recordings were performed, for the first time, using the Ptng GSED deposition microelectrodes from human hNT neurons and how spiking and bursting were observed.<i>Significance.</i>Thus, the GSED Ptng deposition method presented here provides an alternative method of microelectrode fabrication for neural applications with excellent impedance and planarity of surface.