Disparities in Hemoglobin A_1c Testing During the Transition to Adulthood and Association With Diabetes Outcomes in Youth-Onset Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Abstract

To identify correlates of hemoglobin A_1c (HbA_1c) testing frequency and associations with HbA_1c levels and microvascular complications in youth-onset diabetes. The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study collected data from individuals diagnosed with diabetes before age 20 at 8 years (<i>n</i>=1,885 type 1, <i>n</i>=230 type 2) and 13 years (<i>n</i>=649 type 1, <i>n</i> = 84 type 2) diabetes duration. We identified correlates of reporting ≥3 HbA_1c tests/year using logistic regression. We examined associations of HbA_1c testing with HbA_1c levels and microvascular complications (retinopathy, neuropathy, or nephropathy) using sequentially adjusted linear and logistic regression. For type 1 diabetes, odds of reporting ≥3 HbA_1c tests/year at 8 and 13 years diabetes duration decreased with older age at diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] 0.91 [95% CI 0.88-0.95]), longer duration of diabetes (OR 0.90 [0.82-0.99]), not having a personal doctor (OR 0.44 [0.30-0.65]), and lapses in health insurance (OR 0.51 [0.27-0.96]). HbA_1c testing ≥3 times/year over time was associated with lower HbA_1c levels (OR -0.36% [-0.65 to -0.06]) and lower odds of microvascular complications (OR 0.64 [0.43-0.97]) at 13 years duration, but associations were attenuated after adjustment for HbA_1c testing correlates (OR -0.17 [-0.46 to 0.13] and 0.70 [0.46-1.07], respectively). For type 2 diabetes, not seeing an endocrinologist decreased the odds of reporting ≥3 HbA_1c tests/year over time (OR 0.19 [0.06-0.63]), but HbA_1c testing frequency was not associated with HbA_1c levels or microvascular complications. We observed disparities in HbA_1c testing frequency predominately by health care-related factors, which were associated with diabetes outcomes in type 1 diabetes.