Misdiagnosis and Delay of Diagnosis in Hemorrhagic Meningioma: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Abstract

To evaluate the clinicoradiologic characteristics of hemorrhagic meningiomas (HMs) that are missed or misdiagnosed on radiologic imaging studies. Clinical and radiologic data from 6 patients with HM who were initially misdiagnosed were collected and recorded respectively. In addition, we performed a literature review for misdiagnosed HM and summarized the results. Five of the 6 patients with misdiagnosed HM were female, and 1 was male. Both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging were performed in 4 patients, and CT alone was performed in 2. On CT, the HM was heterogeneously hyperdense in 5 patients and isodense in 1 patient. In all 4 patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging, the HM was mixed iso- and hypointense on T1-weighted imaging and heterogeneously hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging. Marked heterogeneous contrast enhancement was observed in 2 patients, strong rim enhancement in 1, and peripheral enhancement in 1. The dural tail sign was seen in only 1 patient. The initial radiologic misdiagnoses were subdural hematoma (n = 1), malignant glioma (n = 1), ruptured arterial aneurysm (n = 1), metastasis (n = 2), and uncertain (n = 1). In the literature review, 22 cases of HM diagnostic error were collected. The main misdiagnoses were subdural hematoma (27.3%), traumatic hematoma (13.6%), vascular anomaly (13.6%), malignant glioma (4.5%), and metastasis (4.5%). Our study showed that in patients with HM with inadequate imaging evaluation, a small tumor associated with massive hematoma and atypical imaging features was more likely to be misdiagnosed.