A pH-Reversible Fluorescent Probe for <i>in Situ</i> Imaging of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Secretion from Living Cells.

Abstract

Our knowledge in how extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from cells remains inadequate due to the limited technologies available for visualizing them <i>in situ</i>. We report a pH-reversible boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) fluorescent probe for confocal imaging of EVs secreted from living cells without inducing severe cytotoxicity. This probe predominantly assumes a non-fluorescent leuco-BODIPY form under basic conditions, but it gradually switches to its fluorescent parent BODIPY form upon acidification; such pH transition empowers the imaging of acidic EVs (such as CD81-enriched exosomes and extracellular multivesicular bodies) in weakly basic culture medium and intracellular acidic precursor EVs in weakly basic cytoplasm, with minimal false positive signals frequently encountered for "always-on" dyes. Joint application of this probe with plasmid transfection reveals the secretion of some EVs from cellular pseudopodia <i>via</i> microtubule trackways. This probe may provide mechanistic insights into the extracellular transport of EVs and support the development of EV-based nanomedicines.