Reversibility in nonequilibrium steady states as a measure of distance from equilibrium.

Abstract

From the detailed balance-like relation, we propose a measure, K^{*}, of a nonequilibrium steady-state (NESS) distance from equilibrium. We investigate in particular the NESS of a particle confined in a time-dependent harmonic potential of constant stiffness but with an ON-OFF state following a telegraph process. Experimental results coupled with simulations show that K^{*} increases at slow switching rates (far from equilibrium) and approaches to zero at equilibrium conditions. Thus, the steady-state distribution together with K^{*} fully characterizes a NESS.