Adsorption States of N<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub> Activated on Ru Nanoparticles Uncovered by Modulation-Excitation Infrared Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Calculations.

Rivera Rocabado, David S; Noguchi, Tomohiro G; Hayashi, Shio; Maeda, Nobutaka; Yamauchi, Miho; Ishimoto, Takayoshi · ACS Nano · 2021

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

The adsorption states of N<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> on MgO-supported Ru nanoparticles under conditions close to those of ammonia synthesis (AS; 1 atm, 250 °C) were uncovered by modulation-excitation infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations using a nanoscale Ru particle model. The two most intense N<sub>2</sub> adsorption peaks corresponded to the vertical chemisorption of N<sub>2</sub> on the nanoparticle's top and bridge sites, while the remaining peaks were assigned to horizontally adsorbed N<sub>2</sub> in view of the site heterogeneity of Ru nanoparticles. Long-term observations showed that vertically adsorbed N<sub>2</sub> molecules gradually migrated from the top sites to the bridge sites. Compared to those adsorbed vertically, N<sub>2</sub> molecules adsorbed horizontally exhibited a lower dipole moment, an increased N─N bond distance, and a decreased N─N bond order (i.e., were activated), which was ascribed to enhanced Ru-to-N charge transfer. H<sub>2</sub> molecules were preferentially adsorbed horizontally on top sites and then rapidly dissociated to afford strongly surface-bound H atoms and thus block the active sites of Ru nanoparticles. Our results clarify the controversial adsorption/desorption behavior of N<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> on AS catalysts and facilitate their further development.