An Advanced High-Entropy Fluorophosphate Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries with Increased Working Voltage and Energy Density.
basic_science · Level V
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- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 35112405.
- Also identified by DOI 10.1002/adma.202110108.
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Abstract
Impossible voltage plateau regulation for the cathode materials with fixed active elemental center is a pressing issue hindering the development of Na-superionic-conductor (NASICON)-type Na<sub>3</sub> V<sub>2</sub> (PO<sub>4</sub> )<sub>2</sub> F<sub>3</sub> (NVPF) cathodes in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, a high-entropy substitution strategy, to alter the detailed crystal structure of NVPF without changing the central active V atom, is pioneeringly utilized, achieving simultaneous electronic conductivity enhancement and diffusion barrier reduction for Na<sup>+</sup> , according to theoretical calculations. The as-prepared carbon-free high-entropy Na<sub>3</sub> V<sub>1.9</sub> (Ca,Mg,Al,Cr,Mn)<sub>0.1</sub> (PO<sub>4</sub> )<sub>2</sub> F<sub>3</sub> (HE-NVPF) cathode can deliver higher mean voltage of 3.81 V and more advantageous energy density up to 445.5 Wh kg<sup>-1</sup> , which is attributed by the diverse transition-metal elemental substitution in high-entropy crystalline. More importantly, high-entropy introduction can help realize disordered rearrangement of Na<sup>+</sup> at Na(2) active sites, thereby to refrain from unfavorable discharging behaviors at low-voltage region, further lifting up the mean working voltage to realize a full Na-ion storage at the high voltage plateau. Coupling with a hard carbon (HC) anode, HE-NVPF//HC SIB full cells can deliver high specific energy density of 326.8 Wh kg<sup>-1</sup> at 5 C with the power density of 2178.9 W kg<sup>-1</sup> . This route means the unlikely potential regulation in NASICON-type crystal with unchangeable active center becomes possible, inspiring new ideas on elevating the mean working voltage for SIB cathodes.